Environmental Assessment Impact of Acid Mine Drainage from Kizel Coal Basin on the Kosva Bay of the Kama Reservoir (Perm Krai, Russia)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To determine mineral and granulometric composition of sediments;
- To identify the basic distribution of the major and TE of sediments;
- To assess the potential ecological risk of TE in sediments using SQGs, LAWA, CF, PLI, Igeo, RI, and PECQ;
- To assess sediment toxicity at the most representative sites using bioassays (with Daphnia magna and Scenedesmus quadricauda Breb.) and to also evaluate calculated pollution indices.
2. Site Description
2.1. Hydrology and Climatology
2.2. Geology
2.3. Hydrogeology
2.4. AMD Characteristics
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Field and Laboratory Analysis
3.2. Trace Elements Assessment in Sediment
3.2.1. Sediment Quality Control Guidelines
3.2.2. Contamination Factor (CF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI)
3.2.3. Geoaccumulation Index
3.2.4. Potential Ecological Risk Index
3.3. Ecotoxicity Test
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. The Particle Size Distribution
4.2. Mineralogy
4.3. Major Oxides
4.4. Distribution of Trace Elements in Sediments
4.5. Assessment of Sediment Contamination and Ecological Risk
4.5.1. Contamination Factor and Pollution Load Index
4.5.2. Geoaccumulation Index
4.5.3. Potential Ecological Risk Index
4.5.4. Geochemical Quality Classes and LAWA Classification
4.5.5. Sediment Quality Guidelines
4.6. Ecotoxicity Test
4.7. Effect of Pollution and Ecotoxicological Indeces on Risk Assessment
4.8. AMD—Comparison with Other Locations and Effect to Sediments
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Point | Latitude (N) | Longitude (E) | Height (m B.H.S.) | Distance from AMD (km) |
---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | 58°50′5.44″ | 57°47′9.51″ | 172 | −16.8 |
R2 | 58°51′56.77″ | 57°35′39.31″ | 158 | 0.1 |
R3 | 58°51′56.50″ | 57°29′25.27″ | 148 | 2.3 |
R4 | 58°42′30.73″ | 56°49′38.38″ | 115 | 58.5 |
R5 | 58°47′53.87″ | 56°44′36.51″ | 110 | 73.9 |
R6 | 58°43′38.82″ | 56°45′28.11″ | 112 | 65.1 |
B1 | 58°52′38.00″ | 56°38′14.59″ | 108 | 78.3 |
B2 | 58°53′43.22″ | 56°36′30.86″ | 108 | 81.3 |
B3 | 58°53′16.98″ | 56°32′43.08″ | 108 | 85.1 |
B4 | 58°52′30.48″ | 56°26′17.07″ | 108 | 91.4 |
Guidelines | Zn | Cd | Pb | Ni | Cu | Cr | Hg | As |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geochemical quality classes (mg/kg) [72,73] | ||||||||
Class I | 125 | 0.7 | 30 | 16 | 20 | 50 | 0.2 | <10 |
Class II | 300 | 3.5 | 100 | 40 | 100 | 100 | 0.7 | 30 |
Class III | 1000 | 6 | 200 | 50 | 300 | 400 | 0.7 | 50 |
Class IV | >1000 | >6 | >200 | >50 | >300 | >400 | >0.7 | >50 |
Sediment quality guidelines (mg/kg) [71] | ||||||||
TEC | 121 | 0.99 | 35.8 | 22.7 | 31.6 | 43.3 | 0.18 | 9.8 |
PEC | 459 | 4.98 | 128 | 48.6 | 149 | 111 | 1.06 | 33 |
Samples | Main Minerals (wt. %) | Accessory Minerals |
---|---|---|
R1 | Quartz (57.0), dolomite (12.7), plagioclase (7.7), mica(6.3), k-feldspar(5.9), pyroxene (4.0), chlorite (3.5) | Calcite, hematite |
R2 | Quartz (54.7), hematite (11.1),goethite (10.2), k-feldspar (6.9), chlorite (5.8), pyroxene (4.4), mica (4.1) | Calcite, plagioclase |
R3 | Quartz(39.1), goethite(13.8), mica (12.6), k-feldspar (10.2),chlorite (8.6), pyroxene (7.6), plagioclase (3.6) | Hematite, calcite |
R4 | Quartz (51.9), k-feldspar (12.2), plagioclase (10.5), pyroxene (7.2), chlorite (7.1), mica (6.7) | Hematite, goethite |
R5 | Quartz(32.1), k-feldspar (12.1), mica (11.1),goethite (10.9), chlorite (10.5), plagioclase (10.1), pyroxene (9.5) | Calcite, hematite |
R6 | Quartz(53.0), plagioclase (13.1), k-feldspar (9.2), mica (7.9), chlorite (6.9), pyroxene (5.4) | Goethite, hematite, calcite |
B1 | Quartz (52.2), plagioclase (13.2), clay minerals (12.4), k-feldspar (12.0), diopside (5.1) | Goethite, hematite |
B2 | Quartz (51.4), clay minerals(13.5), plagioclase (13.4), k-feldspar (13.4), diopside (5.3) | Goethite, hematite |
B3 | Quartz (37.5), clay minerals(21.3), k-feldspar (18.8), plagioclase (8.7), diopside(6.8), hematite (5.5) | Goethite |
B4 | Quartz (34.9), clay minerals (21.4), plagioclase (15.4), k-feldspar (14.2), goethite(7.2), diopside(5.7) | Hematite |
Major (wt. %) | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | K2O | Na2O | MgO | CaO | TiO2 | P2O5 | MnO | SO3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kosva River | 41.69–72.31 | 6.65–10.0 | 6.29–26.1 | 0.36–1.28 | 0.29–1.17 | 0.16–1.34 | 0.95–1.77 | 0.48–0.59 | 0.08–0.98 | 0.05–0.37 | 0.02–0.03 |
Kosva Bay | 49.61–64.08 | 10.31–16.49 | 7.98–10.36 | 1.32–1.56 | 0.62–0.91 | 1.1–1.81 | 0.80–1.61 | 0.57–0.95 | 0.31–0.72 | 0.07–0.19 | 0.02–0.03 |
UCC | 64.9 | 14.6 | 4.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 4.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.07 | - |
Kosva River (n = 5) | Kosva Bay (n = 4) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Mean | SD | Range | Mean | SD | |
Zn | 31.63–100.63 | 61.46 | 24.86 | 9.88–207.76 | 105.98 | 87.28 |
Cu | 25.56–39.29 | 33.05 | 4.86 | 44.49–78.10 | 66.69 | 14.83 |
Pb | 8.76–131.61 | 36.54 | 53.47 | 0.05–30.17 | 14.63 | 12.47 |
Ni | 37.12–48.47 | 41.92 | 5.69 | 41.82–82.74 | 54.70 | 18.95 |
Cr | 77.26–>4000 | 1653.33 | 2142.23 | 78.24–890.55 | 288.09 | 401.77 |
Cd | 0.74–1.09 | 0.93 | 0.15 | 0.02–0.70 | 0.47 | 0.32 |
As | 2.73–3.14 | 2.91 | 0.14 | 0.05–10.86 | 5.73 | 4.46 |
Hg | 1.01–4.62 | 2.59 | 1.55 | 0.25–3.52 | 1.44 | 1.44 |
Sampling Point | Zn | Cu | Pb | Ni | Cr | Cd | As | Hg | PLI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CF | |||||||||
R2 | 0.77 | 2.14 | 8.20 | 1.51 | 46.37 | 1.59 | 1.12 | 0.43 | 3.60 |
R3 | 1.33 | 1.90 | 1.43 | 1.16 | 0.98 | 1.09 | 1.25 | 0.14 | 1.34 |
R4 | 1.47 | 1.64 | 0.62 | 1.17 | 0.90 | 1.24 | 1.08 | 0.32 | 1.31 |
R5 | 2.45 | 1.86 | 0.60 | 1.49 | 1.21 | 1.31 | 1.20 | 0.12 | 1.37 |
R6 | 1.45 | 1.44 | 0.55 | 1.21 | 46.37 | 1.59 | 1.11 | 0.56 | 2.43 |
B1 | 3.49 | 2.44 | 1.04 | 1.54 | 0.91 | 1.03 | 2.63 | 0.09 | 1.82 |
B2 | 1.53 | 4.25 | 0.73 | 1.30 | 0.95 | 1.01 | 2.12 | 0.42 | 1.54 |
B3 | 5.05 | 3.93 | 1.88 | 2.58 | 1.18 | 0.70 | 4.30 | 0.15 | 2.81 |
B4 | 0.24 | 3.89 | 0.003 | 1.40 | 10.32 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 3.83 |
Sampling Point | RI | Risk Gradation | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zn | Cu | Pb | Ni | Cr | Cd | As | Hg | |||
R2 | 0.77 | 10.69 | 41.00 | 7.56 | 92.74 | 47.64 | 11.24 | 17.05 | 228.69 | Moderate Moderate |
R3 | 1.33 | 9.51 | 7.13 | 5.79 | 1.96 | 32.73 | 12.46 | 5.62 | 76.52 | Low |
R4 | 1.47 | 8.21 | 3.08 | 5.86 | 1.79 | 37.30 | 10.81 | 12.62 | 81.15 | Low |
R5 | 2.45 | 9.31 | 2.98 | 7.45 | 2.43 | 39.19 | 11.96 | 4.86 | 80.63 | Low |
R6 | 1.45 | 7.22 | 2.73 | 6.03 | 92.74 | 47.82 | 11.10 | 22.27 | 191.35 | Moderate |
Average for R2–R6 | 1.49 | 8.99 | 11.38 | 6.54 | 38.33 | 40.94 | 11.51 | 12.48 | 131.67 | Low |
B1 | 3.49 | 12.21 | 5.18 | 7.71 | 1.81 | 30.97 | 26.32 | 3.74 | 91.42 | Low |
B2 | 1.53 | 21.24 | 3.64 | 6.52 | 1.90 | 30.18 | 21.25 | 16.96 | 103.22 | Moderate |
B3 | 5.05 | 19.64 | 9.40 | 12.90 | 2.35 | 21.07 | 43.04 | 5.95 | 119.41 | Moderate |
B4 | 0.24 | 19.47 | 0.02 | 6.99 | 20.65 | 0.75 | 0.18 | 1.19 | 49.48 | Low |
Average for B1–B4 | 2.58 | 18.14 | 4.56 | 8.53 | 6.68 | 20.74 | 22.70 | 6.96 | 90.88 | Low |
Sediment | pH | DO | %Immobility or Dead | Total Alevins Exposed | % Dead Average | Class * | Toxicity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assay 1 | Assay 2 | Assay 3 | |||||||
R3 | 7.6–7.74 | 7.85–7.67 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | I | No acute toxicity |
B1 | 6.93–7.55 | 6.87–6.33 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0 | I | No acute toxicity |
B4 | 7.21–7.49 | 6.82–6.05 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0 | I | No acute toxicity |
Sediment | pH | Salinity | EC100, The Number of Algae, Thousand Cells/sm3 | I, % | EC50, the Number of Algae, Thousand Cells/sm3 | I, % | Toxicity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assay 1 | Assay 2 | Assay 1 | Assay 2 | ||||||
B1 | 6.83/9.39 * | 0.179/0.246 ** | 26.75 | 626.25 | 2,57 | 29.88 | 631.25 | 1.79 | No acute toxicity |
B4 | 7.17/9.95 | 0.198/0.264 | 25.13 | 632.20 | 1,59 | 31.00 | 636.25 | 1.01 | No acute toxicity |
Kosva River | Bolshaya Gremyachaya River | Mina Stream | Sycamore Creek | Wingecarribee River | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kalinin Mine | Tayozhnaya Mine | Mina 07 Mine | Tab-Simco Mine | Berrima Mine | |
Russia | Russia | Brazil | USA | New Zealand | |
pH | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 2.27 | 6.36 |
SO4 | 4190.24 | 1891 | 2780.5 | 2481 | 332 |
Fe | 1507.37 | 603.40 | 611.38 | 137 | 10.94 |
Al | 122.13 | 31.83 | 58.4 | 80 | 0.04 |
Mn | 12.16 | 6.084 | 11.18 | 33.19 | |
Co | 0.38 | 0.1743 | 0.18 | - | 0.14 |
Pb | 0.081 | 0.0006 | 0.41 | 7.0 | |
Cd | 0.007 | 0.085 | - | 1.0 | 0.0004 |
Ni | 1.85 | 0.98 | - | 3.0 | 0.42 |
Zn | 0.85 | 17.45 | 62.65 | 11.0 | 1.16 |
Li | 1.16 | - | - | 0.06 | |
References | [20] | [8] | [11] | [88] | [13] |
Kosva River | Mina Stream | Shandi River | Wollangambe River | |
---|---|---|---|---|
After All Mines | Mina 07 Mine | Shandi Mine | Centennial Coal Mine | |
Russia | Brazil | China | Australia | |
Cr | 2042.31 | 31.5 | 39.39 | 4 |
Co | 20.34 | 8.8 | - | 59 |
Ni | 42.79 | 18.45 | - | 53 |
Cu | 37.12 | 19.25 | 66.06 | 7 |
Zn | 43.20 | 257 | 570.87 | 91 |
As | 2.99 | 25.35 | 23.54 | <4 |
Cd | 0.91 | 1.06 | 1.37 | - |
Hg | 2.35 | - | - | - |
Pb | 77.24 | 22.55 | 46.37 | 7 |
References | This study | [11] | [89] | [90] |
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Ushakova, E.; Menshikova, E.; Blinov, S.; Osovetsky, B.; Belkin, P. Environmental Assessment Impact of Acid Mine Drainage from Kizel Coal Basin on the Kosva Bay of the Kama Reservoir (Perm Krai, Russia). Water 2022, 14, 727. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050727
Ushakova E, Menshikova E, Blinov S, Osovetsky B, Belkin P. Environmental Assessment Impact of Acid Mine Drainage from Kizel Coal Basin on the Kosva Bay of the Kama Reservoir (Perm Krai, Russia). Water. 2022; 14(5):727. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050727
Chicago/Turabian StyleUshakova, Evgeniya, Elena Menshikova, Sergey Blinov, Boris Osovetsky, and Pavel Belkin. 2022. "Environmental Assessment Impact of Acid Mine Drainage from Kizel Coal Basin on the Kosva Bay of the Kama Reservoir (Perm Krai, Russia)" Water 14, no. 5: 727. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050727