Recent social movements calling for abolition of key instruments of anti-Black state violence, such as policing and incarceration, have initiated important conversations about the roles of abolitionist perspectives in making the US health sector more just. Medicine has many interfaces with hyper-punitive, deeply racialized exercises of state authority. These prompt consideration of when and how abolitionist approaches should inform practice and policy in health professions education, clinical care, and research to promote good health outcomes for everyone, motivate equitable access to health services, and ensure the material conditions of individual and community health and safety.