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Drums Along the Scioto: Interpreting Hopewell Material Culture Through the Lens of Contemporary American Indian Ceremonial Practices

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Abstract

The Seip-Pricer Mound was one of the largest mounds in the Hopewellian world. Among the many features at the mound’s base, there was a massive, clay-lined, oval basin known as the “Burnt Offering.” This basin contained a large quantity of artifacts that had been subjected to intense burning. Five small spheres of black steatite were among the remarkable objects recovered from this deposit, each of which had been engraved with abstract designs. Shetrone interpreted these objects as marbles. More recently, Carr suggested they were shamanic paraphernalia. We propose an alternative interpretation based on the premise that conversations with contemporary, indigenous descendant communities may provide improved contextualization of archeological materials. Our conversation involving traditional Shawnee people and their ceremonial practices suggests a more parsimonious identification of the Seip-Pricer Mound spheres. The Shawnee drum uses spherical stones to attach the drum head to the shell. In contemporary practice, these stones are not engraved, but similarities between the Shawnee drum stones and the Hopewell steatite spheres, including size, color, and number, suggest the intriguing possibility that the Hopewell spheres were parts of a drum. This would be the first direct evidence for a drum in the Middle Woodland period, and our proposed interpretation is strengthened by the fact that it derives from firsthand knowledge of the ceremonial practices of an indigenous Eastern Woodlands tribe that could be among the direct descendants of the Hopewell culture.

Résumé

Dans l’univers des Hopewell, le monticule Seip-Pricer est un des plus grands. À sa base se trouvait, entre autres éléments, un immense bassin ovale revêtu d’argile que l’on appelait « Burnt Offering » (Offrande brûlée). Ce bassin contenait plusieurs artefacts ayant été intensément brûlés. Cinq petites sphères en stéatite noire faisaient partie des objets remarquables récupérés à l’intérieur de ce dépôt, chacune comportant des motifs abstraits gravés. Shetrone a déclaré que ces objets étaient des billes. Plus récemment, Carr a suggéré qu’il s’agissait d’objets chamaniques. Nous proposons une interprétation différente fondée sur le principe que des conversations avec des communautés autochtones descendantes contemporaines pourraient placer ces matériaux archéologiques dans leur juste contexte. Nous avons donc discuté avec des représentants du peuple Shawnee traditionnel et leurs pratiques cérémonielles suggèrent une identification plus parcimonieuse des sphères du monticule Seip-Pricer. La tête des tambours Shawnee est fixée au baril à l’aide de pierres sphériques. Ces pierres ne sont plus gravées dans les pratiques actuelles, mais des similitudes entre les pierres de tambour Shawnee et les sphères en stéatite de Hopewell, notamment la taille, la couleur et le nombre, suggèrent l’intrigante éventualité que ces dernières étaient utilisées dans la construction de tambour. Il s’agirait ici de la première preuve directe de l’existence d’un tambour du Sylvicole moyen et notre interprétation proposée est renforcée par le fait qu’elle dérive des connaissances personnelles d’une tribu autochtone des forêts de l’Est, possiblement descendante directe de la culture Hopewell, sur les pratiques cérémonielles concernées.

Resumen

El Túmulo de Seip-Pricer era uno de los mayores túmulos de la cultura Hopewell. Entre los muchos elementos hallados en la base del túmulo había una gran pila oval revestida de arcilla que se conoce como el « Holocausto » . Esta pila contenía gran cantidad de objetos que habían sido sometido a una intensa quema. Entre los excepcionales objetos recuperados de este yacimiento había cinco pequeñas esferas de esteatita negra grabadas con diseños abstractos. Shetrone interpretó estos objetos como canicas. Más recientemente, Carr sugirió que eran parafernalia chamánica. Proponemos una interpretación alternativa basándonos en la premisa de que las conversaciones con las comunidades contemporáneas descendientes de los indígenas pueden ayudar a contextualizar mejor los materiales arqueológicos. Nuestras conversaciones sobre el pueblo Shawnee tradicional y sus prácticas ceremoniales sugieren una identificación más parca de las esferas del Túmulo de Seip-Pricer. El parche del tambor shawnee se une al armazón con piedras esféricas. En la actualidad, estas piedras no están grabadas, pero las similitudes entre las piedras del tambor shawnee y las esferas de esteatita Hopewell, como son el tamaño, el color y el número, sugieren la intrigante posibilidad de que estas esferas fueran piezas de un tambor. Esta sería la primera prueba directa de la existencia de un tambor en el periodo Silvícola Medio y nuestra interpretación propuesta se refuerza por el hecho de que se deriva del conocimiento de primera mano de las prácticas ceremoniales de una tribu indígena de los Bosques Orientales que podría ser uno de los descendientes directos de la cultura Hopewell.

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Acknowledgements

We extend special thanks to Robin Dushane, Cultural Preservation Director for the Eastern Shawnee Tribe for involving us in a discussion of the Shawnee drum. We also thank Jay Toth, Tribal Archaeologist for the Seneca Nation of Indians, and Phil Wanyerka and Peter Dunham, both with the Department of Anthropology at Cleveland State University, for information they provided about North American Indian and Mesoamerican games. We thank Scot Keith, New South Associates, Inc., for discussions related to the similarities between the designs on the Seip-Pricer stone spheres and Swift Creek ceramics. A special appreciation is extended to Shawnees from the White Oak and Bird Creek communities that have visited at length with Barnes regarding water-drums: Eric Wensman, Brett Barnes, Joel Barnes, Trenton Stand, John Daugherty, and Steve Daugherty. We also thank Bill Pickard, Linda Pansing, Juli Six and Lily Birkhimer of the Ohio History Connection for their assistance with this research. Finally, we thank Kevin Nye of the Professional Archaeological Services Team for producing, on extremely short notice, the map showing the location of the Seip Earthworks.

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Correspondence to Benjamin J. Barnes.

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Barnes, B.J., Lepper, B.T. Drums Along the Scioto: Interpreting Hopewell Material Culture Through the Lens of Contemporary American Indian Ceremonial Practices. Arch 14, 62–84 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-018-9334-1

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