End Notes
[i] Education Expenditures by Country. National Center for Education Statistics. U.S. Department of Education. May 2020. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_cmd.asp; Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Results from PISA 2018. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Accessed September 1, 2020. https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/PISA2018_CN_USA.pdf.
[ii] The Grand Canyon State Charts Progress on NAEP. National Assessment Governing Board. June 21, 2019. https://www.nagb.gov/content/nagb/assets/documents/newsroom/press-releases/2019/arizona-narrative-20190621.pdf.
[iii] Author’s calculations using: 1980-81 Annual Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction. Arizona Department of Education. December 1981; K-12 Funding Since 2001 (All Funding). Arizona Joint Legislative Budget Committee. August 17, 2020. https://www.azleg.gov/jlbc/allfunding2001.pdf; Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI for All Urban Consumers, All Items, 1980-2020. https://www.bls.gov/data/.
[iv] 1980-1981 Annual Report of the Superintendent; adjusted for inflation using BLS CPI data.
[v] Background on Teacher Pay Raise Calculations. Arizona Joint Legislative Budget Committee. 2018. https://www.azleg.gov/jlbc/teacherpayraisecalc.pdf.
[vi] Author’s calculations using: Annual Reports of the Superintendent of Public Instruction. Arizona Department of Education; K-12 Funding Since 2001 (All Funding). Arizona Joint Legislative Budget Committee. August 17, 2020. https://www.azleg.gov/jlbc/allfunding2001.pdf; Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI for All Urban Consumers, All Items, 1980-2020. https://www.bls.gov/data/.
[vii] While the total funding for 2020-2021 includes approximately $330 per student from federal CARES Act funding in addition to other state and federal resources, this total spending amount also underestimates average district school student funding by approximately $300, as the statewide average includes funding for charter school students, who are funded at $1,300 less per student than their district counterparts. Source: Overview of K-12 Per Pupil Funding for School Districts and Charter Schools. Joint Legislative Budget Committee. July 27, 2020. https://www.azleg.gov/jlbc/districtvscharterfunding.pdf.
[viii] 1980-1981 Annual Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction.
[ix] Background on Teacher Pay Raise Calculations.
[x] These funds have not been used to hire disproportionately more teachers to lower student-teacher ratios either. The Arizona Department of Education reports 1980-1981 student enrollment ADM (average daily membership) of 503,192, along with 26,689 classroom teachers, for a student-teacher ratio of 18.9. In 2018-2019, district ADM totaled 917,509, while the number of teachers reached 49,363, for a student-teacher ratio of 18.6. Source: 1980-1981 and 2018-2019 Annual Reports of the Superintendent of Public Instruction.
[xi] AZ Teacher Pay Update. Arizona Tax Research Association. August 2018. http://www.arizonatax.org/press-release/az-teacher-pay-update.
[xii] $40 million enacted in fiscal year 2000, $45 million enacted in fiscal year 2006, $100 million enacted in fiscal year 2007, and $46 million enacted in fiscal year 2008, all for “additional base level increases” beyond statutorily required base level increases. Source: Joint Legislative Budget Committee: FY 2000 and FY 2001 Appropriations Report, page 141. https://www.azleg.gov/jlbc/00_01app/adeassis.pdf; FY 2006 Appropriations Report, page 142. https://www.azleg.gov/jlbc/06app/adeassis.pdf; FY 2007 Appropriations Report, page 144. https://www.azleg.gov/jlbc/07app/adeform.pdf; FY 2008 Appropriations Report, page 166. https://www.azleg.gov/jlbc/08app/adeform.pdf.
[xiii] FY 2010 Appropriations Report. Joint Legislative Budget Committee. https://www.azleg.gov/jlbc/10app/adeform.pdf; FY 2021 Appropriations Report. Joint Legislative Budget Committee. https://www.azleg.gov/jlbc/21AR/ade.pdf.
[xiv] National Assessment of Educational Progress. America’s Gradebook. Urban Institute. 2019. https://apps.urban.org/features/naep/.