Biden's Federal BudgetBudget Highlights: Biden Says $5.8 Trillion Plan Shows His Priorities

Biden wants new taxes on the wealthy and more spending on the military and domestic priorities.

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President Biden proposed a $5.8 trillion budget, which included additional military spending in the face of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, domestic funding for police departments and new taxes on the wealthiest Americans.CreditCredit...Doug Mills/The New York Times

President Biden proposed a $5.8 trillion budget on Monday, a request that reflected the growing security and economic concerns at home and overseas, with billions set aside to invest in police departments and the military along with new taxes on the wealthiest Americans.

While the White House budget is simply a request to Congress, which controls the government’s purse strings, it is a snapshot of a president’s priorities and where an administration wants to direct its energies going forward.

Here are the highlights of Mr. Biden’s 149-page budget.

The budget would boost spending by 7 percent.

In the second budget request of his presidency, Mr. Biden proposed spending roughly $1.6 trillion on domestic investments for fiscal year 2023 — a 7 percent increase over current levels — including additional funding for affordable housing, anti-gun violence initiatives and manufacturing investments to address supply chain issues that have helped fuel rapid inflation.

The most notable spending increase was Mr. Biden’s $773 billion military proposal, a 10 percent boost for the Pentagon amid concerns about the war in Ukraine and China’s ambitions.

The budget also includes more than $17 billion to crack down on gun trafficking and nearly $70 billion for the F.B.I. to drive down violent crime.

To pay for it, he proposes increasing taxes on the rich and on corporations.

Mr. Biden called for an assortment of tax increases, highlighted by a new minimum tax on billionaires.

That proposal, which needs congressional approval, would require that American households worth more than $100 million pay a rate of at least 20 percent on their income as well as unrealized gains in the value of their liquid assets, such as stocks and bonds, which can accumulate value for years but are taxed only when they are sold. The $360 billion in tax revenue that the White House projects that would raise could also be directed toward the president’s broader agenda.

The White House budget also calls for other tax increases on the rich. It would raise the top individual income tax rate to 39.6 percent from 37 percent. Mr. Biden also wants to increase the corporate tax rate to 28 percent from 21 percent.

Climate is a big theme throughout the budget, across all agencies.

President Biden’s budget request includes a total of $45 billion spread across the federal government to address climate change, an increase of $16.7 billion over the 2021 enacted level.

Most of that money would go to the five major agencies tasked with reducing pollution, expanding conservation, researching clean energy technologies and preparing for and responding to extreme weather events: the Environmental Protection Agency, the Interior and Energy Departments, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

It is also woven throughout other agencies, such as the Justice Department and the Small Business Administration, embodying Mr. Biden’s pledge to create a “whole of government” approach to climate change.

There is a new dedication to reducing the deficit.

The budget request aims to shrink the federal budget deficit by $1 trillion over a decade as the administration looks to mitigate the impact of America’s yearslong borrowing binge.

The budget estimates deficits totaling $14.4 trillion over the next decade, down from the current estimate of $15.4 trillion. It also notes that the deficit this year is on track to decline by more than $1 trillion, which would be the largest single-year decline on record.

Some of that winnowing will come from higher taxes on the rich and corporations, with about $1.5 trillion of that revenue directed toward deficit reduction.

Fiscal watchdogs praised the effort to address the nation’s debt burden but said more needs to be done.

Lawmakers in both parties signal changes for Biden’s budget.

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The largely symbolic document, unveiled by the Biden administration on Monday morning, prompted a congressional response that largely fell along party lines.Credit...Shuran Huang for The New York Times

For Capitol Hill, the release of the president’s budget amounts to a perfunctory suggestion from the other end of Pennsylvania Avenue.

The largely symbolic document, unveiled by the Biden administration on Monday morning, prompted a congressional response that largely fell along party lines: Democrats praised their party leader’s emphasis on reducing costs and his vision for the nation. Republicans scoffed at proposed tax increases and budgetary gimmicks that they said would do little to address the deficit and did not adequately address inflation.

The proposal is the beginning of what has become an arduous process of funding the government. Lawmakers this month finally cemented spending for the current fiscal year — which runs through Sept. 30 — and will soon begin negotiating legislation for fiscal year 2023.

Even as Democrats applauded the contours of President Biden’s proposal, lawmakers acknowledged that they would ultimately set their own priorities to fund the government, particularly since bipartisan support is needed for most legislation to clear the 60-vote filibuster threshold in the evenly divided Senate to become law.

“Just like the package we successfully passed earlier this month that finally pulled us out from under the previous administration’s budget, we must work together to get our spending bills over the finish line,” said Representative Rosa DeLauro of Connecticut, the chairwoman of the Appropriations Committee. “No one chamber or party can do it alone.”

Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont, the chairman of the Budget Committee, was among the most critical in his caucus of Mr. Biden’s plans to increase military spending. “At a time when we are already spending more on the military than the next 11 countries combined, no, we do not need a massive increase in the defense budget,” he said in a statement on Monday morning.

“Now that the president has done his job, it is up to Congress to review it, pass the proposals that make sense and improve upon it,” Mr. Sanders added. The request includes $813.3 billion in national security spending, an increase of $31 billion, or 4 percent, from 2022.

His counterpart in the House, Representative John Yarmuth of Kentucky, called it “a responsible and compassionate budget that will build a better, stronger, more secure and more inclusive nation for decades to come.”

Republicans in both chambers were sharply critical of Mr. Biden’s plan, particularly since it omitted details about the specific costs and revenue of proposals in the sprawling social spending and climate bill that he hopes to salvage over their unanimous opposition.

Republicans on the Senate Budget Committee circulated a memo that derided the inclusion of a “phantom placeholder” that “hides the cost of the doomed, reckless, tax-and-spend legislation.”

Other Republicans panned Mr. Biden’s plans for proposed tax increases and said the additional military spending remained inadequate, given current inflation levels. Senator James M. Inhofe of Oklahoma, the top Republican on the Armed Services Committee, said the military spending “reflects the world he wishes for — but not the world as it is.”

“You simply can’t look at the world around us now and think this budget is adequate to confront all the threats we face,” he said, “let alone to accelerate our attempts to maintain or restore deterrence and secure U.S. interests for our children and grandchildren.”

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With a center-leaning budget, Biden bows to political reality.

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The framing of President Biden’s budget proposal was a marked shift from the 2021 pitch for a fundamental transformation of an ailing American society.Credit...Pete Marovich for The New York Times

With his party facing potentially gale-force headwinds in the midterm elections, President Biden released a budget on Monday that tacks toward the political center, bowing to the realities facing endangered Democrats by bolstering defense and law enforcement spending and tackling inflation and deficit reduction in service of what he called a “bipartisan unity agenda.”

Under the plan, the left wing’s hopes for a peace dividend at the end of wars in Iraq and Afghanistan would be scotched in favor of a new Great Powers military budget that would bring the Defense Department’s allocation to $773 billion, an increase of nearly 10 percent over the level for fiscal 2021. Rather than cuts, Mr. Biden pledges to bolster the nation’s nuclear weapons program, including all three legs of the nuclear “triad”: bombers, land-based intercontinental missiles and submarines.

“We are at the beginning of a decisive decade that will determine the future strategic competition with China, the trajectory of the climate crisis, and whether the rules governing technology, trade and international economics enshrine or violate our democratic values,” the budget states, justifying large increases to project U.S. military and diplomatic strength globally.

Far from defunding the police and abolishing Immigration and Customs Enforcement, two popular slogans on the left, the budget robustly funds both. Customs and Border Protection would receive $15.3 billion, ICE $8.1 billion, including $309 million for border security technology — a well-funded effort to stop illegal migration. The nation’s two primary immigration law enforcement agencies would see increases of around 13 percent.

The budget even includes $19 million for border fencing and other infrastructure.

Federal law enforcement would receive $17.4 billion, a jump of nearly 11 percent, or $1.7 billion over 2021 levels. And the president, acknowledging widespread concerns that are driving Republican attacks against Democrats, vows to tackle the rise in violent crime.

The proposals track with some of the main attack lines Republicans are using against Democrats in the run-up to the November contests, as they portray Mr. Biden and his allies in Congress as weak on security, soft on crime and profligate with federal spending to the point of damaging the economy.

Liberal Democrats would see some of their priorities addressed, including “through substantial funding for climate programs and “environmental justice” initiatives, as well as changes to incarceration policy. But many on the left will be disappointed. In lieu of broad student debt forgiveness, an executive order that many Democrats have been pressing for since Mr. Biden’s inauguration, the Education Department’s student lending services would receive a huge increase, 43 percent, to $2.7 billion.

Swing-district Democrats who have been pressing Mr. Biden to address widespread concerns about rising prices would be able to point to a number of programs to combat inflation, the biggest issue weighing down their prospects. The president promises large-scale efforts to unclot supply-chain bottlenecks that are raising costs and large-scale deficit reduction that could cool the economy.

Biden proposes a tax on billionaires as he looks to fund his economic agenda.

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A truck displayed a sign about the Amazon founder Jeff Bezos outside a home he owns in Washington last year.Credit...Jonathan Ernst/Reuters

President Biden on Monday proposed raising taxes on the wealthiest Americans and corporations, outlining several initiatives in his 2023 budget aimed at bringing down the federal budget deficit and closing loopholes that allow the rich to lower their tax bills.

The proposals revive elements of Mr. Biden’s economic agenda that have struggled to gain traction in Congress over the last year, including reversing major components of the 2017 tax law that was passed by Republicans and promoting what Mr. Biden has called economic fairness.

The budget calls for a new tax on American households worth more than $100 million, which would require that they pay a rate of at least 20 percent on their income as well as unrealized gains in the value of their liquid assets, such as stocks, which can accumulate value for years but are taxed only when they are sold.

The “Billionaire Minimum Income Tax” would apply only to the top one-hundredth of 1 percent of American households, and over half of the revenue would come from those worth more than $1 billion. The proposal focuses on taxing unrealized capital gains that are built up over years but are taxed only when sold for a profit. The White House estimates that the new tax would raise about $360 billion in revenue over a decade.

White House officials said the proposal would eliminate loopholes and tax planning strategies that the rich have employed for years to keep their federal tax bills lower than those of many middle-income Americans. It would apply only to those who do not already pay a tax rate of at least 20 percent on their income and unrealized gains. Those who pay below that level would have to pay the difference between their current tax rate and the new 20 percent rate.

Democrats in Congress have considered a variety of different tax proposals that would target the wealthiest Americans, including surtaxes and wealth taxes that sweep in gains from a wide assortment of assets.

The Biden administration emphasized that the proposal is different from the wealth taxes that Democrats such as Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts have proposed in the past that would impose annual levies on an individual’s accumulated assets. However, the billionaire tax that Mr. Biden is proposing could still face legal challenges, as taxes on unrealized capital gains are different from the income taxes allowed by the 16th Amendment.

The tax idea drew criticism from some conservative groups who argued that it would deter investment.

“Under Biden’s tax proposal, wealthy people would be rewarded for consumption and penalized for reinvesting to grow their businesses,” said Chris Edwards, director of tax policy studies at the Cato Institute. “Patience and prudence would be punished. The Biden plan would particularly harm leading edge industries that rely on wealthy investors to take the large risks that drive American innovation.”

The White House’s budget also calls for other tax increases on the rich. It would raise the top individual income tax rate to 39.6 percent from 37 percent, reversing the 2017 tax cut ushered in by President Donald J. Trump. A White House official noted that it was the same top rate that was in place during the Obama administration. The rate would apply to unmarried individual taxpayers with income of $400,000 or more and married individuals with income of $450,000 or more, a Treasury official said.

Mr. Biden also proposed increasing the corporate tax rate to 28 percent from 21 percent, a partial rollback of the corporate tax cut in the 2017 law.

The call to increase in the corporate tax rate drew criticism from the retail industry on Monday.

“Leading retailers are extremely disappointed to see a tax plan from the president that revives earlier failed plans to raise the corporate tax rate to 28 percent,” said Hana Greenberg, vice president of tax at the Retail Industry Leaders Association. “Practically, this tax increase would disproportionally punish retailers who already pay their full freight in corporate taxes.”

All told, the tax proposals amount to a $2.5 trillion tax increase over a decade.

It is unclear whether any of the proposals will be able to gain enough support in Congress to become law. Previous efforts to raise taxes on the wealthy and corporations have run into resistance from moderate Democrats, including Senators Joe Manchin III of West Virginia and Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona.

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With $45 billion proposal, Biden takes ‘whole of government’ approach to climate change.

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A coal power plant near Emmett, Kan. Most of the money set aside to tackle climate change would go to the five major agencies assigned to reduce pollution, expand conservation and research clean energy technologies.Credit...Charlie Riedel/Associated Press

President Biden’s budget request includes a total of $45 billion spread across the federal government to address climate change, an increase of $16.7 billion over the 2021 enacted level. Most of that money would go to the five major agencies tasked with reducing pollution, expanding conservation, researching clean energy technologies and preparing for and responding to extreme weather events: the Environmental Protection Agency, the Interior and Energy Departments, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

It is also woven throughout other agencies, embodying Mr. Biden’s pledge to create a “whole of government” approach to climate change — with the creation, for example, of a new Justice Department Office of Environmental Justice, aimed at redressing the way in which environmental damage disproportionately harms minorities, and a $10 million program in the Small Business Administration to help facilitate loans for small clean energy companies, or to make small businesses more climate resilient.

But while the budget documents promote investments in environmental justice, resilience and adaptation to the damages of climate change, and research in clean energy technologies, they say little about what the federal government will do to actually address the nation’s two largest contributors to climate change: greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles and power plants. And without sharp reductions in those emissions, analysts say it will be impossible for Mr. Biden to reach his target of cutting the nation’s total emissions in half by 2030.

Mr. Biden himself has in the past talked about what the executive branch will do: last summer, he directed the E.P.A. to create an ambitious new rule designed to accelerate the nation’s transition away from gasoline-powered engines and toward all-electric vehicles, so that half the new cars sold in the United States would be all-electric by 2030 — up from less than 5 percent today. And the White House has also directed the E.P.A. to craft new rules to cut greenhouse pollution from power plants.

But both of those rules come with legal and political challenges. Auto unions fear that a race to electric vehicles will cost them jobs because electric vehicles require only a third of the labor to assemble as gas-powered cars. And the conservative majority on the Supreme Court has indicated that it could sharply limit the federal government’s authority to create tough rules on power plants.

Since directing the E.P.A. to write those rules, Mr. Biden has said almost nothing about them publicly: He barely mentioned climate change in his State of the Union address or his statement about the budget.

Instead, the budget appears stuffed with more politically friendly climate proposals that will not have nearly as much of an impact on reducing emissions but could help build political support for Mr. Biden, such as $9 billion for programs to help struggling oil and coal-dependent communities, and $1.8 billion for an Agriculture Department program designed to address the impacts of climate change in rural America by ensuring homes are built to withstand the extreme weather wrought by climate change.

It includes $12 million to coordinate implementation of the administration’s Justice40 program, intended to ensure that 40 percent of climate spending goes to disadvantaged communities. And it would spend $507 million, $93 million above the 2021 enacted level, for the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s flood mapping program to incorporate climate science risks.

Among the most ambitious of the spending requests is about $11 billion for international climate aid programs, a tenfold increase over the currently enacted level of climate aid spending. But it is highly unlikely that Congress will approve anywhere close to that spending level.

Build Back Better domestic agenda is relegated to a single line, without specifics.

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Demonstrators in Washington gathered to support President Biden’s Build Back Batter plan in January.Credit...Shuran Huang for The New York Times

President Biden notably glossed over much of his own domestic legislative agenda when he laid out his budget priorities on Monday, relegating his Build Back Better plan to a single line and leaving out a price tag for its major components, some of which Democrats hope to revive in the coming weeks.

Instead, in a summary that contained no numbers, the White House laid out an array of tax and spending proposals — including some that have already been shot down by members of the president’s own party. The summary pledged that the administration was committed to working with Congress to enact tax changes, expand health care coverage and devote spending to climate programs and education.

The approach underscored how thoroughly Mr. Biden has pivoted away from the scope of his ambitious, nearly $2 trillion domestic policy plan, even as lawmakers continue to hold out hope of resurrecting some of its elements.

In a call with reporters, White House officials said the budget omitted the details to essentially create a place holder in the document and give Democrats on Capitol Hill the space and flexibility to negotiate a final agreement. Talks with Senator Joe Manchin III of West Virginia, a key Democratic holdout on Mr. Biden’s marquee domestic policy plan, collapsed in December as Mr. Manchin balked at the scope of his party’s ambitions and the campaign to pressure him into accepting a deal.

But Mr. Biden’s decision not to provide any specifics signaled that he was stepping back to allow congressional Democrats to figure out what, if anything, was salvageable.

Liberal activists seized on the omission, which Senate Republicans derided as a budgetary gimmick.

“It remains unclear if the specific package of policies proposed in the president’s budget would achieve his stated objective,” Ben Ritz, the director of the Progressive Policy Institute’s Center for Funding America’s Future, said in a statement. “There is also no attempt to focus this package on a few core policies that could get a majority in the Senate after it became clear last year that the whole Build Back Better framework could not.”

The president’s team has mostly jettisoned the phrase “Build Back Better,” which is barely referred to in the budget document, and has focused instead on taking a few key pieces and rebranding them as an inflation-controlling, deficit-reducing initiative. The budget includes a place holder for “legislation that reduces costs, expands productive capacity and reforms the tax system.”

That description appears to be in line with the priorities of Mr. Manchin, who has signaled a willingness to hammer out a slimmed-down package that prioritizes at least one key spending priority, such as clean energy tax incentives; reins in the federal budget deficit; and makes tax changes.

With Republicans uniformly against such a plan, Mr. Biden and Democratic leaders would need the votes of every member of their caucus in the evenly divided Senate to pass it.

Some of the ideas referred to with more specifics in the budget proposal have already been ruled out by Mr. Manchin and Senator Kyrsten Sinema, Democrat of Arizona and another holdout on parts of the president’s initial domestic policy plan. For example, Ms. Sinema has rejected increasing tax rates for the wealthiest Americans and for corporations.

Margot Sanger-Katz contributed reporting.

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Deficit would fall by $1 trillion over a decade under the proposed budget.

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A billboard displaying the national debt in Washington in February. Credit...Jemal Countess/Getty Images

President Biden’s 2023 budget request aims to shrink the federal budget deficit by $1 trillion over a decade as the administration looks to mitigate the impact of America’s yearslong borrowing binge.

The budget estimates deficits totaling $14.4 trillion over the next decade, down from the current estimate of $15.4 trillion. It also notes that the deficit this year is on track to decline by more than $1 trillion, which would be the largest single-year decline on record.

Some of that winnowing will come from higher taxes on the rich and corporations, with about $1.5 trillion of that revenue directed toward deficit reduction.

The focus on deficits is a shift for Washington, which has spent the past several years borrowing huge sums of money to pay for pandemic aid, additional government spending and huge tax cuts. But the ballooning deficit has started to become a political problem for Mr. Biden, with members of his own party criticizing the gap between what America spends and what it takes in and citing it as a reason to reject spending more to fund on the president’s policy initiatives.

Mr. Biden made quick mention of his deficit reduction efforts in a statement accompanying his budget, saying his policies would further reduce the gap through “economic growth that has increased revenues and ensuring that billionaires and large corporations pay their fair share.”

Still, budget watchdogs warned that the nation’s debt level remains dangerously high as a share of the economy.

“Unfortunately, this budget leaves debt on an unsustainable path, and lacks important details on how it would structure the core of its agenda or address provisions scheduled to expire,” said Maya MacGuineas, president of the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget.

Ms. MacGuineas did praise the Biden administration for taking deficit reduction seriously, but said that more needed to be done.

“The $1 trillion of net deficit reduction called for under this budget should be a floor, not a ceiling, for how much savings should be enacted this year,” she said.

The budget does not reflect the legislation that is currently being negotiated in Congress, but the White House assumes that such legislation will not add to deficits in its projections.

The emphasis on deficit reduction appeared, at least in part, designed to win over lawmakers such as Senator Joe Manchin III, Democrat of West Virginia, who has repeatedly balked at backing the Biden administration’s spending proposals over concerns about the national debt.

Last year, Mr. Manchin repeatedly forced the White House and Democrats in the Senate to scuttle legislation that would have increased spending for climate change policies and the social safety net.

While economic recovery and decreased stimulus spending following the pandemic account for a large share of the reduction, new proposals, such as increasing taxes on the wealthiest Americans, could help close the gap between what the United States spends and what it brings in through taxes and other revenue.

Besides courting Mr. Manchin and other moderate Democrats, the White House also appeared eager to deflect criticism from Republicans who have worked to frame the White House’s agenda as fiscally irresponsible ahead of the coming midterm elections.

“My administration is on track to reduce the federal deficit by more than $1.3 trillion this year, cutting in half the deficit from the last year of the previous administration and delivering the largest one-year reduction in the deficit in U.S. history,” Mr. Biden said in a statement that accompanied his budget request.

Comparing spending levels is usually simple. Except this year.

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President Biden’s fiscal year 2022 budget was only approved by Congress less than three weeks ago.Credit...Shuran Huang for The New York Times

If this was a typical year, President Biden’s proposed spending for the fiscal year 2023 budget — the one that takes effect on Oct. 1 — would be compared to the spending levels Congress approved for the previous year.

Simple, right?

Not so fast. While Mr. Biden proposed a fiscal year 2022 budget in late May, Congress did not actually approve new overall spending for the current fiscal year until March 9, less than three weeks ago. That measure — known as the $1.5 trillion “omnibus” bill — finally set the official spending levels for fiscal year 2022, which is now almost half over.

But by March 9, the president’s budget proposal for next year was already basically completed, though not yet made public. So it included comparisons that were calculated based on the spending levels set for 2021. The 152 pages of text in the primary budget document were already written and proofed and headed to the printer. The same with the 139 pages of tables in the analytical section of the budget.

Officials said on Monday that it was simply not possible to revise the entire budget to reflect comparisons to the just-passed omnibus bill without a major delay in presenting the president’s new spending proposal to Congress. Instead, the proposals for new spending are shown as an increase or decrease from the approved levels for fiscal year 2021.

For example, the proposal for the Commerce Department includes a request for $347 million for the National Institute of Standards and Technology to create two manufacturing institutes. The new budget proposal notes that the request is $206 million more than N.I.S.T. received in the 2021 fiscal year from Congress.

The president’s budget officials did quickly provide one chart — Summary Table 8 — which provides a very basic comparison between the president’s new fiscal year 2023 spending and the amount Congress approved on March 9. It indicates that Mr. Biden’s new budget request is 7.4 percent greater than Congress approved earlier this month.

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Biden requests $773 billion in military spending amid the war in Ukraine and national security concerns.

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American soldiers deployed to Eastern Europe from Fort Bragg in North Carolina last month.Credit...Kenny Holston for The New York Times

President Biden is requesting $773 billion in military spending, a nearly 10 percent increase over the level approved by Congress for the 2021 fiscal year, a decision that the administration says reflects the ongoing threats oversees like Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the growing risk of cyberattacks.

The increase will most likely be met with skepticism by many progressives in Congress, who have long favored a greater focus on domestic programs like those Mr. Biden proposed as part of his stalled Build Back Better plan.

One of the arguments Mr. Biden made last year for ending the 20-year war in Afghanistan was the enormous cost to Americans of financing the military spending there. But the situation in Ukraine more recently has highlighted the global need to maintain security. During his trip to Europe last week, Mr. Biden vowed repeatedly that the United States would come to the defense of NATO partners if they were attacked.

The budget proposal includes a request for $6.9 billion to help NATO counter threats from Russia and elsewhere in the wake of the war launched by President Vladimir V. Putin. The budget says the money would be used to “enhance the capability and readiness” of U.S. forces in the region.

Military spending also prioritizes the growing threats from China, according to a summary of the budget provided by the administration, which calls the country the Pentagon’s “pacing challenge.” By comparison, the budget summary lists Russia as merely a “persistent threat” alongside North Korea, Iran and nonstate “violent extremist organizations.”

The budget proposal would provide funds for modernizing the Pentagon’s nuclear weapons programs, including funding the development of a new class of ballistic missile submarines for the Navy. It would also establish independent legal offices to handle sexual assault prosecutions within each branch of the armed forces.

Both uniformed and civilian members of the Defense Department would get a 4.6 percent pay raise under the proposed budget, which the summary says would be the largest such raise “in a generation.”

The F.D.A.’s budget proposal aims to prepare for another pandemic.

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A medical worker administered a coronavirus test last month at a drive-through testing site in Hagerstown, Md.Credit...Kenny Holston for The New York Times

President Biden’s budget proposal would increase the Food and Drug Administration’s budget by nearly 34 percent compared with the current fiscal year, with much of the $2.1 billion increase aimed at preparing for another pandemic.

The agency also proposes to tackle a wide range of priorities, such as shoring up the accelerated approval program for certain drugs, registering dietary supplements, forcing importers to destroy rejected goods and requiring baby-food makers to test for heavy metals.

The agency said $1.6 billion of the increase would go to support the Health and Human Services Department’s pandemic preparedness plan. Those funds would help the F.D.A. evaluate vaccines and bolster the rapid development of tests and the supply chain for personal protective gear.

The F.D.A.’s total budget would soar to $8.4 billion under the budget plan. Some parts of the proposal aim to strengthen the agency’s oversight, including in the accelerated approval program, which fast-tracks the marketing of drugs for serious conditions with no other therapy.

The program has been criticized for giving drugs the green light and allowing them to remain on the market — for over a decade in the case of one drug meant to prevent preterm birth — before their effect is proven or the drug is withdrawn. The proposal says it would speed up the follow-up study process, ensure high-quality results and make technical changes to enable the agency to withdraw drugs that do not show a benefit.

The budget proposal also says the agency would begin to register the 50,000 to 80,000 dietary supplements on the market. It would also clarify the agency’s authority to make it easier for the agency to enforce laws against unlawfully marketed supplements. In recent years, the agency has sent out dozens of warnings, for example, about supplements with names like Kangaroo Intense Alpha and Willy Go Wild that contain undeclared quantities of erectile dysfunction drugs.

The F.D.A. is also seeking the authority to force importers to destroy products that are rejected at U.S. borders that pose a significant public health risk.

The budget plan would also address advocacy groups’ findings about toxic metals in baby foods, requiring companies to test the products and share the results with the F.D.A. Other items would aim to end the opioid crisis, enhance cybersecurity in medical devices and force cooperation with remote facility inspections.

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The $17.5 billion request for the Interior Department focuses on climate change and tribal nations.

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Solar panels near Wingate, Texas. Over a quarter of the Interior Department’s funding would go to climate change programs.Credit...Tamir Kalifa for The New York Times

For the Interior Department, the agency that oversees the nation’s 500 million acres of public lands and is responsible for the well-being of the country’s 1.9 million Indigenous people, President Biden is requesting $17.5 billion, an increase of $2.8 billion, or 19 percent, from the 2021 enacted level.

Over one-quarter of that funding — $5 billion — would go to climate change programs, including $375 million for scientific research programs on the impact of climate change and $325 million to reduce the risk of wildfires and restore lands that were devastated by them.

The climate funding also includes $254 million, an increase of $151 million from the 2021 enacted level, to expand the development of wind, solar and geothermal energy on public lands. And it includes $321 million for a job creation program intended to clean up abandoned oil and gas well sites and reclaim them for other purposes.

Those proposals come as the agency has struggled with a personnel shortage in the wake of the Trump administration, which slashed staffing, funding and other resources in climate change programs.

However, the Interior Department will continue its longtime mission of leasing and permitting oil and gas drilling on public lands. The budget requests $1.4 billion for the agency’s Bureau of Land Management, which oversees that drilling, and $237 million for the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, which oversees offshore drilling.

The agency would also spend $4.5 billion to help tribal nations, $1 billion above the 2021 enacted level. That proposed expenditure reflects the leadership of the interior secretary, Deb Haaland, the first Native American cabinet secretary in history, who has prioritized restoring the federal government’s relationship with Indigenous people.

The budget request includes a $156 million increase for construction work at seven Bureau of Indian Education schools, and it calls for $632 million in tribal public safety and justice funding, an effort to collaborate with the Justice Department to address missing and murdered Indigenous people.

Funding for the Justice Department reflects midterm priorities.

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The Justice Department in Washington. The department’s proposed $37.7 billion budget sets aside funding for violent crime and civil rights, topics that are expected to be a focus of the midterm elections.Credit...Stefani Reynolds for The New York Times

The Justice Department’s proposed $37.7 billion budget, a 13 percent increase from 2021, sets aside funding for violent crime and civil rights, topics that are expected to be a focus of the midterm elections, as well as issues like domestic abuse, white-collar enforcement and environmental justice.

Federal law enforcement agents could receive $17.4 billion to combat violent crime, a 9 percent increase over 2021. That figure includes $1.7 billion to expand strike forces for the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives that fight illegal gun trafficking; $1.8 billion to help the U.S. Marshals apprehend fugitives; $69 million to support F.B.I. violent crime investigations; and more than $72 million to prosecute violent crime.

Far from defunding the police, the budget proposes $30 billion in mandatory grants and $3.2 billion in discretionary grants to state and local police departments.

And $1 billion would go toward supporting the Violence Against Women Act, a law that President Biden championed as a senator. The 95 percent increase over the 2021 funding level supports legal and housing assistance, new services for L.G.B.T.Q. survivors and programs to combat online abuse. It also includes $120 million to address a backlog in rape kits, an increase of $72 million.

The budget continues to prioritizes terrorism and cyberthreat investigations, including an additional $33 million for the F.B.I. to examine homegrown terrorism and an additional $52 million to combat cybercrime.

It gives the antitrust division a “historic” $88 million increase over 2021, and the environmental and natural resources division $1.4 million to open an office for environmental justice.

Additional money is set aside for notoriously troubled agencies. The Bureau of Prisons, which has been plagued by mismanagement, crime and understaffing, could receive $357 million to hire more officers and staff, provide body cameras and fund a work training program for eligible inmates who have earned release from overcrowded prisons. Immigration courts, facing a backlog of 1.5 million cases, could receive $1.4 billion, an increase of $621 million, to hire more immigration judges, expand online courts and provide legal representation for defendants.

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The budget includes funding to modernize the nation’s roads, bridges, ports and public transit systems.

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An Amtrak train in Baltimore. The budget includes money to expand passenger rail service and upgrade Amtrak’s decades-old infrastructure. Credit...Alyssa Schukar for The New York Times

President Biden’s budget calls for broad increases in funding for the Transportation Department to modernize the nation’s roads, bridges, ports and public transit systems.

The budget includes $115.2 billion in funding for the department that was part of the $1 trillion infrastructure bill passed by Congress last year. The White House also requested $26.8 billion in discretionary funding for the department, a 6 percent increase from the 2021 fiscal year.

The budget includes billions in funding that would aim to rebuild roads and bridges across the country. It also includes money to bolster public transit options, expand passenger rail service, upgrade Amtrak’s decades-old infrastructure, improve efficiency at airports and modernize ports and waterways.

Biden administration officials said the funding would help lower emissions and address longstanding racial inequities. The budget requests an additional $20 million above 2021 levels for the transportation secretary’s office to “lead D.O.T.’s efforts to promote equity and inclusion.”

The administration also said that expanding access to public transit would help reduce auto emissions that are harmful to the environment. The budget includes $21.1 billion for the Federal Transit Administration, an $8.2 billion increase from 2021.

Although federal officials have urged states to prioritize repairing roads over building new ones to reduce emissions, some state leaders have already pushed back on that approach. Republican governors, many of whom say that expanding highways is a key priority, have sent letters to the administration in recent months calling for maximum flexibility in spending the infrastructure funds.

Across the government, budget aims to strengthen cyberdefense.

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Election security workers at the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center in Arlington, Va., monitored the midterm elections in 2018.Credit...Jonathan Ernst/Reuters

Cybersecurity has emerged as a key concern for the Biden administration, which proposed in its 2023 budget to strengthen cyberdefense and improve investigative capabilities across the government. The budget request includes increased spending on efforts to upgrade government systems and to detect and respond to emerging cyberattacks.

The budget proposes to increase funding for the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, the agency responsible for cyberdefense, to $2.5 billion, a $486 million increase from 2021. The money would be spent in part on improving network security throughout the government.

The administration also proposed new cybersecurity spending across the executive branch, including in the Commerce, Defense, Justice and Treasury Departments as well as other agencies. At Treasury, for example, the budget calls for $215 million to improve cybersecurity protections for department systems and to speed up its response to damaging hacking attacks like the SolarWinds episode that compromised several federal agencies and Fortune 500 companies.

Other proposed spending focuses on protecting the technology supply chain and preventing foreign adversaries from accessing American technology. The Commerce Department would receive a $36 million increase to review sales of technology products that could pose security risks to the United States.

The administration also proposed ramping up investigative capabilities to respond to cyberthreats. The U.S. Coast Guard would expand its efforts to defend against online threats in the maritime sector, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation would receive an additional $52 million to hire more agents focused on investigating cybercrime and provide them with intelligence collection and analysis tools.

The budget also called for $682 million in aid for Ukraine, an increase of $219 million above the amount enacted in 2021, to “counter Russian malign influence” and fund efforts to improve cybersecurity and counter disinformation.

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Funding for Agriculture Department focuses on climate change and rural development.

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Corn harvesting in Knox County, Neb., last year. The administration is proposing $28.5 billion in discretionary spending for the Agriculture Department.Credit...Alyssa Schukar for The New York Times

President Biden’s proposed budget for the Agriculture Department continues to prioritize climate change and rural development.

The administration is proposing $28.5 billion in discretionary spending for the agency, a 17 percent increase from what was enacted in the 2021 fiscal year.

Nearly $4.9 billion would be for the U.S. Forest Service to manage and fight fires on wild lands, an acknowledgment of the devastating wildfires in recent years. In January, the department announced a 10-year plan to reduce the risk of catastrophic fires.

As part of the governmentwide focus on climate change, the proposal includes $24 million in funding for the department’s “climate hubs,” an interagency initiative begun in 2014 to monitor the effect of climate change on food production and to help farmers and ranchers adapt.

The budget also requests $300 million in for loans and grants to help rural communities transition to renewable energy. It also includes $1.8 billion for rural housing programs, an increase of $256 million, and $6.5 billion in loans for maintaining and upgrading electric systems in rural communities, an increase of $1 billion.

Mr. Biden is also asking for $1.2 billion for the Food Safety and Inspection Service, an increase of $134 million, and $1.1 billion for the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. The request comes as a highly contagious form of avian influenza has affected dozens of poultry flocks and hundreds of wild birds.

The budget also includes a note to Congress as it prepares to write the next farm bill, asking lawmakers to share the administration’s focus on climate change and competition.

Biden requests 5 percent increase in funding for homeland security.

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A Border Patrol agent near the border with Mexico in the Rio Grande Valley last year.Credit...Christopher Lee for The New York Times

President Biden requested $56.7 billion for the Department of Homeland Security, which is about a 5 percent increase over the spending level for 2021. This includes an increase of more than 700 percent over the 2021 enacted level for the government’s immigration processing agency, which was largely decimated during the Trump administration.

Of the $904 million request for U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, the president asked for $765 million to address caseloads and backlogs — including for refugee processing, for which there is a greater need than there was during the Trump administration, when few people were offered refugee status.

The increase includes additional funding for Customs and Border Protection — a 13 percent bump over the 2021 enacted level. The agency, with more than 60,000 law enforcement officers, has struggled to manage the surge of migrants crossing the southwest border. This includes funding for an additional 300 Border Patrol agents and 300 officials to help with the paperwork that goes into processing undocumented migrants into the country.

Mr. Biden has also requested slightly less for Immigration and Customs Enforcement, which some progressives have called for abolishing. The $8 billion request for 2023 includes $3.8 billion for the agency’s enforcement and removal operations, which is about 8 percent less than the enacted funding for 2021. Part of that request is for fewer detention beds. The request also includes $527 million for using ankle-monitoring devices and other alternatives for undocumented immigrants, shifting away from incarceration.

To address the issues at the southwest border, the president has asked for $309 million for what it calls “modern border security technology” and nearly $500 million to help with processing migrants.

For the Transportation and Security Administration — one of the newest federal agencies, created in 2001 — the president requested an additional $1.6 billion so that agency employees are paid more comparable rates to those who work similar jobs in the federal government.

Mr. Biden’s request for homeland security also includes more drug control funding, including an additional $273 million for Customs and Border Protection, which saw a significant increase in fentanyl seizures in the 2021 spending year.

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Administration moves to make funding for Indian Health Service mandatory.

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An ambulance drove past the Fort Yates Indian Health Service Hospital on the Standing Rock Reservation.Credit...Victor J. Blue for The New York Times

The White House unveiled on Monday a significant proposed shift in the way the Indian Health Service was funded as part of its 2023 budget, proposing the health care agency move from discretionary to mandatory funding.

The budget request for the Indian Health Service calls for increasing the agency’s budget to $9.1 billion, a more than 20 percent increase from the previous funding level, in an effort to keep pace with growing health care costs, population growth and service and facility shortcomings.

The budget request also includes funding to address modernizing the service’s electronic health records system, health inequities and backlogs on the health care facilities’ construction priority list.

The move is another step aimed to address the systemic problems plaguing the agency responsible for delivering health care to Native Americans across the country.

The budget focuses on fighting inflation, but that’s mainly a Fed project.

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The Port of Los Angeles last month. Supply chain fixes could take years to pay off.Credit...Mark Abramson for The New York Times

Soaring consumer prices are undermining President Biden’s economic approval ratings, making inflation a critical topic for the White House headed into midterm elections — and making fighting it a focus of the administration’s budget, even though the Federal Reserve plays the primary role in countering rapid price increases.

Mr. Biden’s administration, in its budget proposal released Monday, emphasized that some of the investments it is making or proposing could lower costs for families.

The budget document — which mentions the word “costs” 47 times and “inflation” six — earmarks funding for port infrastructure development, money to improve the passenger and freight railway system, and funds to help with financing the construction and rehabilitation of inexpensive housing stock, among other measures that might help to improve supply in the economy over time.

Presidential budgets are an outline of an administration’s priorities rather than policies that are actually enacted in full. By repeatedly referencing plans to cut costs for families, Mr. Biden is making it clear that the concern ranks high on his list.

But there is not much the White House can do quickly to ease rapid price increases, which have been running at the fastest pace in 40 years. Supply chain fixes could take years to pay off. In the meantime, fighting inflation is primarily the job of the Fed.

The central bank raised interest rates for the first time since late 2018 earlier this month, and officials have forecast that they will continue to increase borrowing costs over the course of this year and next. Doing so will make financing big purchases more expensive in a bid to cool off demand, slow down the economy and temper price increases.

The Fed’s preferred inflation measure is expected to show that prices climbed by 6.4 percent in the year through February, based on estimates from a Bloomberg survey, when it is released later this week. Central bankers aim for 2 percent inflation, so that is more than three times their goal. Fed policymakers are hoping that their policy changes, paired with further supply chain and labor market healing, will help them to return annual inflation to 4.3 percent by the end of the year.

As inflation has accelerated over the past year, it has become a big part of the nation’s consciousness. Mr. Biden’s economic approval ratings have fallen sharply, based on the results of an NBC News poll earlier this month, and cost of living is voters’ top concern.

Angst over high prices is also becoming palpable in daily life. A cryptocurrency advertisement that leads with the line “Frustrated by high inflation?” hangs over a security checkpoint at Newark Liberty International Airport. “Saturday Night Live” included a joke about rising fuel costs earlier this month.

That creates a challenge for the White House, which can do only so much in the face of higher prices. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has sent fuel prices sharply higher, something neither the administration nor the Fed can immediately or fully counteract. When it comes to broader, economy-wide pressures, curbing demand is most likely to be the faster way to slow down price increases — but the Fed’s policy changes work by slowing down the job market, which is unlikely to make voters feel much better.

Much of the world has experienced a burst of inflation in the wake of initial pandemic lockdowns, as factory shutdowns and a shift in buying away from services and toward goods — think couches, cars — choked supply chains and prompted shortages.

“America was not immune to the worldwide inflation that has followed the pandemic,” Mr. Biden said in his statement at the start of the budget documents, also blaming rising prices partly on Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, given that the conflict has pushed up gas costs.

But America’s price burst has been especially pronounced, even compared to global peers. Many economists attribute that, at least in part, to the country’s spending in response to the pandemic. America spent a lot during the pandemic, including on packages passed during the Trump administration and the $1.9 trillion Mr. Biden and congressional Democrats passed in early 2021.

That final package came at a time when growth and the labor market were recovering, and some economists warned that it was too large and poorly targeted and would lead to overheating.

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The Environmental Protection Agency would get a big increase in funding.

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A fire near Boulder, Colo., led to the evacuation of 19,000 people last weekend. About $770 million of the E.P.A.’s proposed budget would be directed toward curbing greenhouse gas emissions.Credit...Helen H. Richardson/The Denver Post, via Associated Press

President Biden has requested $11.8 billion for the Environmental Protection Agency to address issues like climate change, chemical hazards and environmental justice, an increase of $2.6 billion, or 29 percent, from the 2021 fiscal year.

The proposal for the 2023 fiscal year comes as Mr. Biden is struggling to advance his climate goals. His centerpiece legislation to curb global warming is stalled in Congress and a legal challenge to the E.P.A.’s authority could result in the Supreme Court limiting its ability to compel industries to reduce planet-warming pollution.

The budget blueprint devotes $773 million toward curbing greenhouse gas emissions. It also puts an emphasis on helping disadvantaged communities struggling with disproportionate levels of air and water pollution by proposing $1.45 billion across several E.P.A. programs to address equity issues, including $100 million in new spending for air monitoring programs.

It is a stark turnaround from the Trump administration, which targeted the E.P.A. for deep budget cuts — particularly to its climate change and environmental justice programs.

And, after years of staff departures prompted in part by Trump-era budget cuts, agency officials said the proposed budget would provide for more than 1,900 new full-time employees, bringing the agency’s staff to 16,200 people.

Yet congressional appropriators routinely ignore presidential budget requests, making the proposed budget mostly a statement of priorities. This year, lawmakers approved a $9.6 billion budget for the E.P.A. for the 2022 fiscal year, despite an $11.1 billion presidential request for that year.

Michael S. Regan, the E.P.A. administrator, said in a statement on Monday the budget proposal reflected a commitment to protect Americans from pollution, “especially those living in overburdened and underserved communities across America.”

The budget calls for $940 million to upgrade drinking water and wastewater infrastructure, and it would create a $25 million grant program to protect water infrastructure from cybersecurity threats. It would also provide $1.5 billion to clean up toxic waste areas known as Superfund sites.

Education budget would increase aid for high-poverty schools and address labor shortages.

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Students arriving at Cynthia Jenkins Elementary School in Queens, N.Y., last month. The White House requested $88.3 billion in discretionary funding for the Education Department.Credit...Anna Watts for The New York Times

The White House requested $88.3 billion in discretionary funding for the Education Department, a 21 percent increase from what was enacted in 2021, to bolster investments in high-poverty schools and improve the recruitment and retention of educators.

The budget requests $36.5 billion for the Title I program, which aids schools with a high percentage of students from low-income families. If enacted, the budget would nearly double the program’s 2021 funding levels. Biden administration officials have said the additional funding is necessary to invest in under-resourced schools that disproportionately serve students of color.

The budget also aims to address crippling labor shortages in schools. The budget includes $514 million for the Education Innovation and Research program, $350 million of which the department could use to identify ways to improve staff recruitment and retention.

“Across the country, we must focus our efforts on recovery,” Education Secretary Miguel Cardona said in a statement. “That means ensuring all students — especially those from underserved communities and those most impacted by the pandemic — receive the resources they need to thrive.”

The budget would also invest $1 billion in the physical and mental health of students who are still recovering from the effects of remote learning, giving schools funds to hire more counselors, nurses, social workers and psychologists. And the White House requested an additional $3.3 billion from 2021 levels for the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, which provides grants to states to support students with disabilities.

The administration also requested an increase in Pell grant funding to double the maximum award given to low- and middle-income students by 2029. Increasing Pell grants, along with providing tuition-free community college, was a key provision in the president’s Build Back Better legislation, which has stalled in Congress. Millions would also be provided to historically Black colleges and universities, tribally controlled colleges and universities, minority-serving institutions and community colleges.

The Education Department’s Office for Civil Rights would also receive an 18 percent increase in funding from what was enacted in 2021.

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The budget seeks more money for Treasury to deter cyberattacks and enforce sanctions.

President Biden’s budget proposal looks to beef up the Treasury Department’s ability to enforce sanctions and repel cyberattacks as tensions continue to rise between the United States and Russia following its invasion of Ukraine.

The Biden administration has been leading the global effort to impose punishing sanctions on Russia and has been bracing for the possibility of a cyberattack in response to those penalties. The budget proposal for the 2023 fiscal year requests $16.2 billion for the Treasury Department, a 20 percent increase from its 2021 budget.

From that money, $215 million would be to “protect and defend sensitive agency systems and information.” Another $212 million would be directed to the Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence to modernize the sanctions program.

The bulk of the proposed increase to the Treasury Department’s budget would go toward providing more resources to the Internal Revenue Service, which would see its budget grow to $14.1 billion, an increase of 18 percent over its 2021 level.

The Biden administration has relied heavily on the I.R.S. to deliver pandemic aid and has been struggling to increase staffing at the agency. It previously proposed investing $80 billion in the agency to modernize its technology and increase the size of its enforcement staff over the next decade. It had projected that stronger enforcement would raise $400 billion over a decade by narrowing the so-called tax gap, the gulf between what is owed by taxpayers and what is collected by the government.

That investment in the I.R.S. was not in the budget, but Biden administration officials said they hoped it would be in legislation that passes later this year.

Biden requests an 18 percent increase in spending to address global diplomacy, crises and threats.

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Civilians arriving in Kyiv after being evacuated from Irpin last week. The budget proposal allocates $682 million for Ukraine.Credit...Ivor Prickett for The New York Times

President Biden on Monday requested $67.6 billion for the State Department, the United States Agency for International Development and other international programs for the 2023 fiscal year, an increase of 18 percent from the amount enacted in 2021.

The budget request reflected the global crises and challenges that have arisen or sharpened since Mr. Biden took office in January 2021, notably Russia’s war in Ukraine and the growing assertiveness of China.

The request includes $60.4 billion for the State Department and U.S.A.I.D., an increase of 14 percent over the amount enacted in 2021.

The budget proposal allocates $682 million for Ukraine, a $219 million increase over the 2021 amount. That requested amount is in addition to the $13.6 billion coming from a supplemental spending measure for Ukraine that Mr. Biden signed this month. The budget also includes $1.8 billion to support the administration’s Indo-Pacific strategy and $400 million for a fund for countering the “malign influence” of China.

The budget allocates $3.2 billion to promote global democracy, human rights and anticorruption efforts, in line with goals laid out at the Summit for Democracy that Mr. Biden held in December. Rallying like-minded nations to form a united front against authoritarian states, particularly Russia and China, is a core goal of Mr. Biden’s foreign policy.

The Biden administration aims to spend $10 billion for refugee assistance and humanitarian aid needed to mitigate the dire impacts of conflicts and disasters around the world.

Mr. Biden is allocating more than $11 billion for international climate financing, which would meet the president’s goal of quadrupling such financing one year early. The administration is also requesting $10.6 billion for programs to address global health issues and health security challenges, an increase of $1.4 billion over the amount enacted in 2021.

The budget includes $350 million to try to provide greater internet access worldwide. Part of this amount is also aimed at bolstering global cybersecurity.

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HUD budget aims to add 200,000 new vouchers for low-income tenants.

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A home under renovation to become affordable housing in Lynchburg, Va., last year. President Biden is requesting an $11.6 billion increase for the Department of Housing and Urban Development.Credit...Kendall Warner/The News & Advance, via Associated Press

President Biden is requesting an $11.6 billion increase for the Department of Housing and Urban Development over the $65 billion budget for the 2021 fiscal year, which would fund 200,000 new low-income housing vouchers, a major expansion of the federal government’s main rental subsidy.

The 200,000 target has long been the stated goal of Marcia L. Fudge, the secretary of housing and urban development, who pressed White House officials for the increases.

But HUD, a chronically underfunded agency that has seen a temporary boost under Mr. Biden, could get less than the White House is requesting, if recent history is a guide. For the 2022 fiscal year, Mr. Biden asked for a $9 billion increase to its budget and received a little more than half that after the plan was whittled down by the Senate.

And a game-changing proposal for $213 billion to alleviate a fast-worsening national affordable housing crisis over the next decade — in part by expanding the voucher program commonly known as Section 8 — was one of the first pieces jettisoned during negotiations over Mr. Biden’s now-moribund Build Back Better plan.

The budget request contains another ambitious new proposal, much lauded by tenants groups, that also faces an uncertain political fate. As part of the plan released on Monday, the White House is requesting $35 billion over the next decade to fund a new program to support the development of 500,000 affordable homes. Some of that money would also go to accelerating the construction process for housing development by streamlining permitting and environmental requirements.

The proposed funding increase would come on top of $46 billion allocated by Congress over the past two years to prevent a wave of evictions during the pandemic, along with other money in the infrastructure and pandemic relief bills that can be used to build or renovate affordable housing.

Biden proposes $11 billion in international climate aid.

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The proposal includes $1.6 billion for the Green Climate Fund, which helps poor countries develop wind, solar and other clean energy sources and also prepare for extreme weather disasters.Credit...Themba Hadebe/Associated Press

President Biden is proposing to spend about $11 billion to help countries hardest hit by global warming — a tenfold increase from the amount Congress approved this year.

If Congress approves the funding for the 2023 fiscal year, it would represent a significant new commitment to help poor countries develop renewable energy and adapt to the consequences of climate change. Mr. Biden had pledged to deliver $11.4 billion in international climate finance by 2024, but he is making the request a year early.

The money is also considered key for climate diplomacy as the Biden administration works to convince the international community that the United States is serious about making up for four years in which the Trump administration eliminated most international climate aid and walked away from global agreements.

But Mr. Biden has already under-delivered, and the new request faces an uphill battle. This month, Congress approved just $1 billion in global climate aid, despite Mr. Biden’s request for $2.5 billion.

“This helps overcome Congress’s recently approved anemic international climate funding,” said Jake Schmidt, the senior strategic director for international climate issues at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an advocacy group.

He said the $11 billion request would “go a long way to cutting greenhouse gas emissions in line with what science demands and the most vulnerable people need to adapt to destructive climate impacts they didn’t cause and can’t avoid.”

The proposal includes $1.6 billion for the Green Climate Fund, a United Nations effort created ahead of the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change to help poor countries develop wind, solar and other clean energy sources and also prepare for extreme weather disasters.

President Barack Obama promised $3 billion over four years to the fund but delivered only $1 billion before the end of his term. His successor, President Donald J. Trump, eliminated funding for global climate aid and withdrew the United States from the Paris Agreement. Mr. Biden rejoined the agreement last year and vowed to restore and increase funding for it.

In a statement on Monday, Senator John Barrasso, Republican of Wyoming, called the Green Climate Fund a “slush fund” and said, “Instead of funding wasteful U.N. programs, the president should focus on energy security by unleashing American energy production.”

Mr. Biden’s budget proposal also includes $3.2 billion that would go toward the Clean Technology Fund, a joint project among multilateral development banks that funds low-carbon technology development.

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Biden’s budget proposal pushes for more pandemic preparedness and local public health spending.

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Waiting in line at a coronavirus testing site in Washington last year.Credit...Kenny Holston for The New York Times

President Biden’s proposed budget for the Department of Health and Human Services emphasizes pandemic preparedness, signaling the administration’s concern about future pathogens that could complicate progress against the coronavirus or threaten a different pandemic altogether.

Swaths of the proposed spending would build on funding passed by Congress earlier this month as part of a major annual spending bill. The budget proposes an increase of nearly 27 percent in discretionary funding for H.H.S. over spending in 2021.

Nearly $82 billion is proposed for the department over five years “to prevent, detect and respond to emerging biological catastrophes,” funds that would help speed the time between when scientists recognize a new virus and when vaccines and treatments are deployed, a key goal in the White House’s new pandemic preparedness plan. The budget would expand clinical trial infrastructure and manufacturing capacity.

“That is a drop in the bucket compared to what it’s cost so far to deal with Covid,” Xavier Becerra, the health and human services secretary, told reporters on Monday about the close to $82 billion in pandemic preparedness funds.

Mr. Becerra added that the requests in the budget proposal were different from the billions of dollars the administration has pleaded with Congress to pass to fund more immediate needs in the pandemic, such as tests, treatments and vaccines.

“What we need to continue to finish the job on Covid, we need immediately,” he said. “What we’re asking for in this budget for long term preparedness is very separate.”

Among other new initiatives, the budget proposes a so-called Vaccines for Adults program, modeled after a similar program for children, that the proposal seeks to expand. Under the new program, uninsured adults would receive vaccines purchased in bulk by the federal government, for free, after they are recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s vaccine advisory committee.

The proposed budget also includes almost $10 billion for the C.D.C. and hard-hit state and local health departments, funds that would go to disease surveillance and forecasting, vaccination programs, data modernization and research on so-called “long Covid,” including options for treating people suffering from the virus’s aftereffects. That $9.9 billion represents a $2.8 billion increase over the funds allocated for 2021, the administration said.

A new biomedical research agency that has been a key health priority for Mr. Biden, and that could be housed at the well-funded National Institutes of Health, would receive $5 billion under the budget proposal. The recent congressional spending bill allocated only $1 billion for the program.

The Biden administration’s proposal also recommends broad investments in maternal and mental health and addiction services, and an almost 40 percent increase in spending on Title X family planning services for low-income Americans, which had been whittled down by the Trump administration. Nearly $500 million would go to maternal health programs, an effort designed in part to reduce morbidity and mortality rates among pregnant women and new mothers, the administration said.

The budget recommended very few formal policy proposals in the massive Medicare, Medicaid and Affordable Care Act health care programs. But the White House still seeks to make major changes to those programs as part of its Build Back Better legislation, which has been stalled in Congress since December. Rather than itemize and score those priorities, the budget simply notes them and sets aside a deficit-neutral reserve fund to accommodate them. That makes it difficult to understand what the package’s overall impact would be on federal spending or revenues.

The most recent version of the legislative package included a plan to lower the prices paid by the government and some individuals for prescription drugs, an extension of insurance subsidies for people who buy health plans in the Affordable Care Act marketplaces, and an expansion of Medicaid coverage to poor adults in states that did not expand their programs.

Even without any policy changes, national health spending is estimated to increase by around 5 percent each year, according to new estimates of health expenditures, published by the actuaries at the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

Anushka Patil contributed reporting.

The Energy Department’s budget aims to ramp up domestic manufacturing.

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A solar panel factory in Haian, China. The budget includes $200 million for a new program aimed at ramping up domestic manufacturing of solar power equipment. Credit...Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

The Energy Department is proposing several new programs to reduce America’s reliance on foreign-manufactured solar panels and shore up global supply chains for clean energy as part of the White House’s budget request.

President Biden is asking for $48.2 billion for the department, an increase of $6.3 billion, or 15 percent, from the 2021 fiscal year. That includes $9.2 billion to research and develop new clean energy technologies that could help address global warming, such as advanced geothermal or nuclear power.

The budget includes $200 million to create a new “Solar Manufacturing Accelerator” program aimed at ramping up domestic manufacturing of solar power equipment. China currently dominates the global supply chain for solar panels, and lawmakers from both parties have expressed concern that much of the world’s polysilicon, a key ingredient in those panels, comes from companies with ties to forced labor in China’s Xinjiang region.

The budget also proposes to spend $1 billion over the next decade to work with allies and “build resilient supply chains” for a wide array of clean energy technologies. Traditional fossil fuels are not the only energy source vulnerable to geopolitical disruptions: While Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has roiled global oil and gas markets, it has also caused the price of nickel, a critical ingredient in electric car batteries, to skyrocket.

Historically, the Energy Department has had a grab bag of different responsibilities, including maintaining the nation’s nuclear weapons arsenal, cleaning up environmental messes from the Cold War and conducting scientific research in areas like high-energy physics. But under the Biden administration, the agency has significantly expanded its efforts to develop technologies that can help reduce planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions.

Under the infrastructure law passed last year, the Energy Department will oversee roughly $65 billion in spending over the next five years to upgrade the nation’s electric grid, fund a nationwide network of electric vehicle chargers and demonstrate novel technologies like clean-burning hydrogen fuels, advanced batteries and methods to pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.

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The budget may reignite a congressional fight over cryptocurrency.

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A worker installed Bitcoin mining machines in Rockdale, Texas, last year.Credit...Mark Felix/Agence France-Presse

Despite a recent executive order directing financial regulatory agencies — led by the Treasury Department — to study the promises and perils of cryptocurrencies, discussion of digital assets is mostly absent from the Biden administration’s 2023 budget.

Still, what was said on the topic may reignite a fight from last summer, when a tax reporting proposal directed at cryptocurrency brokers was tucked into the infrastructure bill and put the once fringe industry in congressional cross hairs.

The 2023 budget proposes that the I.R.S. modernize certain tax rules, including for digital assets. The changes would exempt certain cryptocurrency lending transactions from taxes; require U.S. institutions, including cryptocurrency exchanges, to report on some foreign taxpayers’ domestic financial accounts; require reporting of U.S. taxpayers’ foreign digital asset accounts above $50,000; and require additional reporting from financial institutions and digital asset brokers “for purposes of exchange of information” with international tax authorities.

Overall, the administration projected that its proposals for modernizing tax rules would raise $11 billion over 10 years.

Crypto reporting provisions have a contentious record. Cryptocurrency industry advocates battled with the government last summer to limit the definition of “brokers” in the context of cryptocurrency, saying an expansive definition threatened to undermine the government’s revenue-raising goals because it would incentivize noncompliance. After a lobbying push last fall, the industry won some of the concessions it sought on the topic.

But the focus on tax reporting has driven major industry players to form new lobbying associations and policy teams in Washington to push industry-friendly rules, and the new provisions will most likely generate more fiery debates about cryptocurrency in Congress.

“The government is increasing its visibility into crypto,” said Roger M. Brown, the global head of tax policy at the blockchain data firm Chainalysis. “This continues the trend of governments wanting more information to understand crypto tax compliance.”

“I think people will push back,” he added.

While the provisions are in line with a global framework for digital asset tax transparency introduced last week by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Mr. Brown predicted vociferous resistance from privacy champions.

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